ABSTRACT

Background: Globally, underemployment and workforce inefficiencies are largely driven by persistent mismatches between economics education, vocational training, and labour market requirements. Bridging this gap is vital for strengthening human capital development and sustaining economic competitiveness. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of economics education and vocational training to narrowing skill mismatches, to assess their role in human capital development, and to highlight strategies and policy implications for aligning educational outcomes with labour market expectations while encouraging lifelong learning. Methods: This study employed a qualitative systematised literature review (SLR), drawing on peer-reviewed empirical research, systematic reviews, and case studies published from 2017 onwards. Data were sourced from a range of academic databases and examined thematically, guided by the PRISMA framework, in order to identify literature addressing the stated objectives. Results: Findings indicate that curriculum mismatches remain extensive, while industry and policy engagement with vocational education is minimal. Improvements in enrolment quality, human capital development, and employability can be achieved through career-oriented training, mentorship opportunities, and innovative curriculum design. Skill mismatches can be alleviated through policy interventions such as curriculum renewal, broader stakeholder participation, and the promotion of lifelong learning frameworks. Conclusion: To effectively reduce skill mismatches and strengthen human capital, policy-driven reforms are essential for aligning education with labour market priorities. Emphasis should be placed on enhancing vocational and economics education to support sustainable human capital development and economic growth.